Washington DC - President Donald Trump's proposed "Golden Dome" defense system is a plan that will face mammoth technical and financial hurdles, and could increase global insecurity, experts say.
President Donald Trump (l.) listens to US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth (r.) speak about the Golden Dome missile defense shield, in the Oval Office of the White House on May 20, 2025, in Washington, DC. © JIM WATSON / AFP
Trump announced plans for the space-based system last month, saying it would eventually cost around $175 billion and would be operational by the end of his term in 2029.
The planned defense shield's name is a nod to Israel's Iron Dome, which has intercepted thousands of short-range rockets since 2011.
But the US defense system would supposedly be able to intercept much bigger intercontinental threats.
The plan comes after a 2022 Department of Defense study pointed to advances by China and Russia.
Beijing is closing the gap with Washington when it comes to ballistic and hypersonic missile technology, while Moscow is modernizing its intercontinental-range missile systems and developing advanced precision strike missiles, it said.
Trump has claimed the "Golden Dome" will be "capable of intercepting missiles even if they are launched from other sides of the world."
But analysts are sceptical.
"I'm not holding my breath," said Thomas Withington, an associate fellow at the RUSI defense think tank. "The challenges are so significant at this stage that they may simply be unrealistic to surround in the timeframes that the Trump administration envisages."
The US military could spend billions of dollars on research only for the next administration to nix the project, Harrison warned. © Unsplash/Giorgio Trovato
Thomas Roberts of the Georgia Institute of Technology said the "Golden Dome" plan was based on being able to detect when a long-range missile was fired.
A missile's so-called "boost phase" – which produces a heat blast that lasts one to two minutes and can be observed from space – is the best time to deploy defenses, he said.
"If you had an enormous constellation of interceptors in orbit at all times, they could be readily de-orbited – or systematically removed from orbit – to strike an intercontinental ballistic missile," Roberts continued.
But Todd Harrison, from the American Enterprise Institute, said this would require a massive number of satellites.
"It takes about 950 interceptors spread out in orbit around the Earth to ensure that at least one is always in range to intercept a missile during its boost phase," he said.
But that means that if an adversary launches a salvo of ten missiles, some 9,500 interceptors would be needed to ensure at least ten are within range.
"Given that China has about 350 intercontinental ballistic missiles and Russia has 306 – not including their sub-launched ballistic missiles – scaling a space-based interceptor system to meet the threat quickly becomes impractical," Harrison added.
The non-partisan US Congressional Budget Office estimates that, just to stop "one or two intercontinental ballistic missiles," the US would need a constellation of satellites costing between $161 billion to $542 billion.
The US military could spend billions of dollars on research only for the next administration to nix the project, Harrison warned.
"Golden Dome could become the poster child for waste and inefficiency in defense," he said.
The plan also calls for developing satellites able to fire lasers at missiles to avoid too much debris on impact.
But a European defense contractor said on condition of anonymity that such lasers are "still beyond what even the Americans are capable of doing."
"It's just an excellent way to give the US [defense] industry substantial funding so they can increase their technological lead without necessarily aiming for actual operational deployment," the contractor said.
