Dr Pushpinder Gulia, director, surgical oncology and robotic surgery, C.K. Birla Hospital, Gurugram, says accurate staging is critical because it allows oncologists to design treatment plans that are scientifically sound and tailored to patients' individual health, lifestyle and prognosis. From selecting the right surgical approach to deciding if chemotherapy, radiation or immunotherapy is needed, every major treatment choice hinges on staging. It also helps patients and families understand the seriousness of the disease, prepare for the journey ahead and make informed decisions. Dr Gulia elaborates: The purpose: Cancer staging delineates the extent of cancer in terms of the size of the initial tumour, invasion into surrounding tissues, involvement of lymph nodes and spread to other organs. It is a blueprint for both prognosis and treatment planning. Common staging systems: The TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is the most common, using stages ranging from 0 (in situ) to IV (advanced, metastatic cancer). Other staging systems, such as FIGO for gynecologic cancers, are limited to specific cancer types. Diagnostic tools: Staging uses imaging (CT, MRI, PET scans), biopsies and pathology reports to correctly evaluate cancer characteristics. The tools provide accurate classification, which is essential for effective treatment. Impact on treatment: Early cancers (stage I and II) can be treated by surgery or radiation, whereas advanced cases (III and IV) usually necessitate systemic treatments, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Staging ensures appropriate treatment matching the disease progression. Prognosis and communication: Staging dictates survival rates and enables clinicians to communicate expectations to patients and engage in shared decision-making, preparing for emotional outcomes. Dynamic nature: Cancer staging might change with new diagnostic information or following treatment, necessitating the ongoing follow-up to modify therapeutic strategies. Cancer staging is the foundation of individualised cancer treatment, informing each treatment choice with a concise vision of disease development. It makes therapies specific to the nature of the cancer, maximising benefits while avoiding excessive treatments. With an understanding of staging, patients and healthcare providers are able to work together effectively, matching treatment strategies with achievable objectives. As diagnostic tests and treatments evolve, staging continues to be a critical means of combating cancer, bringing hope and insight to medical odysseys.