Since Elon Musk acquired X, formerly known as Twitter, nearly two years ago, the platform has experienced significant changes, most notably a troubling rise in misinformation. Many fact-checkers are sounding the alarm over how X has shifted from a trusted source of information to a breeding ground for misleading content.
Before Musk’s takeover, X had systems designed to combat false information and conspiracy theories. However, fact-checkers now express growing concern that the platform increasingly amplifies misinformation, with some attributing this trend directly to Musk’s influence.
Maarten Schenk, co-founder and CTO of Lead Stories, explained, “It used to take effort to track down disinformation on Twitter; now, you can just look at the trending topics or see what Musk retweets.” This transformation has made it alarmingly easy to encounter false claims and hoaxes on X.
Historically, tech companies have had a complicated relationship with fact-checkers. While platforms like Meta and TikTok collaborate with independent fact-checkers to monitor content, Musk’s X appears to have taken a different approach, largely ignoring professional oversight. Instead, it leans on a crowdsourced fact-checking system called “Community Notes.”
Clara Jiménez Cruz, CEO of Maldita.es, recognizes some benefits of Community Notes but emphasizes that it lacks comprehensive effectiveness. “Even though Twitter never fully tackled misinformation, the effort is noticeably less prominent now,” she said, pointing out the increase in both misinformation and hate speech.
The proliferation of misleading information on X has made the user experience significantly worse. With major elections taking place globally, the consequences of disinformation campaigns could be severe. Rabiu Alhassan, director of FactSpace West Africa, noted that these platforms significantly influence societal stability, especially in emerging democracies where younger populations rely heavily on social media.
Fact-checkers assert that tech companies like X must take responsibility for ensuring their platforms don’t facilitate the spread of disinformation that could destabilize nations. Unfortunately, Musk’s X has yet to demonstrate a commitment to this crucial issue.
Musk himself has become a key figure in disseminating misleading information. With nearly 200 million followers, he has used his account to promote false claims, particularly regarding U.S. elections. A report from the Center for Countering Digital Hate revealed that between January and July 2024, Musk made 50 misleading posts about U.S. elections, generating close to 1.2 billion views.
Additionally, the subscription service X Premium incentivizes misinformation. Subscribers can monetize their posts based on engagement, leading some users to prioritize controversial or false content to maximize earnings.
Under Musk, X has distanced itself from professional fact-checkers, even withdrawing from the European Union’s Code of Practice on Disinformation. Instead, the platform relies on Community Notes, which allows users to suggest corrections for misleading posts. However, the requirement for consensus across differing political views often delays the approval of these notes.
Alex Mahadevan from Poynter’s MediaWise highlighted the challenges of this model, saying, “Achieving consensus on fact-checks is very difficult, especially with today’s polarized climate.”
Efforts by fact-checkers to engage with X have largely been in vain. Many international offices, which once served as points of contact, have been closed. Jiménez Cruz lamented the loss of communication channels, noting that it hampers their ability to address misinformation effectively.
Community Notes has generated mixed opinions. While its crowdsourced nature allows for more fact-checking opportunities, it also enables misinformation to circulate unchecked. Jennifer Allen, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, pointed out that anonymity among contributors can undermine accountability.
Despite the potential benefits of this model, many remain skeptical. Fact-checkers worry that without proper oversight, the integrity of the information on X will continue to decline.
