What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis – a chronic condition, is characterized by decreased bone mass and deteriorating bone tissue structure. This reduction in bone density makes bones fragile and susceptible to fractures, particularly in the spine, hip, and wrist. Osteoporosis is called a “silent disease,” as it can progress without symptoms.
⦁ Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition that weakens bones, making them brittle and more susceptible to fractures.
⦁ This condition primarily affects older adults but can impact people of all ages.
⦁ Lifestyle modifications can play a crucial role in managing and preventing osteoporosis. These measures aid in maintaining bone health and reduce fracture risk.
Here, we discuss essential lifestyle modification measures that can help manage osteoporosis and support healthy bones.

Pathological changes in bone:
⦁ In osteoporosis, bones lose density due to an imbalance between bone resorption (breakdown) and bone formation.
⦁ Normal bone remodeling involves bone cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts break down old bone, while osteoblasts build new bone.
⦁ In osteoporosis, increased osteoclast activity and/or decreased osteoblast function lead to porous, weakened bones, which are more prone to fractures.

Importance of exercise for bone health
⦁ Weight-bearing and resistance exercises stimulate bone formation by creating mechanical stress on bones.
⦁ Regular exercise helps increase or maintain bone density, improve muscle strength, and enhance balance, which reduces the risk of falls.
⦁ Activities like walking, dancing, weightlifting, and resistance training are particularly beneficial for bone health.

Role of diet and lifestyle modifications
⦁ Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are essential for bone health, as they support bone density and aid in calcium absorption.
⦁ A balanced diet rich in nutrients, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol consumption are vital lifestyle choices to reduce bone loss.
⦁ Other nutrients like protein, magnesium, and vitamin K also play important roles in maintaining bone structure and function.

Importance of nutrition:
⦁ Calcium Intake – adequate daily calcium intake supports bone health and improves bone density.
⦁ Women over 50 years and men above 70 years should target 1,200 mg of calcium per day. Adults under 50 require around 1,000 mg daily.
⦁ Good sources: Dairy products, leafy greens (like kale and broccoli), fortified juices, and fish (e.g., salmon, sardines).
⦁ Vitamin D – is essential for calcium absorption and bone health.
⦁ Sunlight exposure can help produce vitamin D, but dietary sources and supplements are often necessary, especially during winter.
⦁ Recommended intake for adults over 50 is 800-1,000 IU daily. Good sources include fatty fish, fortified milk, and eggs.
⦁ Protein and Other Nutrients – are necessary for bone structure. However, excessive protein intake can increase calcium loss.
⦁ Include other bone-supportive nutrients like magnesium, vitamin K (found in leafy greens), and potassium.
Weight-Bearing and Muscle-Strengthening Exercises
⦁ Weight-Bearing Exercises – like walking, jogging, stair climbing, and dancing strengthen bones by stimulating bone formation.
⦁ Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity at least 4-5 days every week.
⦁ Muscle-Strengthening Exercises – resistance exercises, such as lifting weights, using resistance bands, or body-weight exercises like squats, help build muscle mass and improve bone strength.
⦁ Include these exercises 2-3 times per week to strengthen bones and improve balance.
⦁ Balance and Flexibility Training – exercises (like Tai Chi) and flexibility training (such as yoga) reduce the risk of falls by improving stability and mobility.
⦁ These exercises also help alleviate joint pain and enhance coordination.

Avoiding negative lifestyle habits
⦁ Avoid Smoking – smoking negatively impacts bone density by reducing blood supply to the bones and decreasing calcium absorption.
⦁ Quitting smoking can help prevent bone loss and reduce osteoporosis-related fracture risk.
⦁ Limit Alcohol – excessive alcohol intake weakens bones and increases fall risk.
⦁ Monitor alcohol intake to one drink per day for women and up to two for men to minimize negative effects on bone health.

Fall prevention measures
⦁ Home Alterations – ensure clear, well-lit paths at home, especially in frequently used areas. This will help prevent falls.
⦁ Secure rugs, install handrails on stairs, and place grab bars in bathrooms.
⦁ Regular Vision and Hearing Checks – impaired vision and audio increase fall risk, so keep up with regular eye and hearing exams.
⦁ Footwear – wear supportive, non-slip shoes to improve stability and prevent skidding.
⦁ Medication Management – review medications with a healthcare provider to minimize side effects like dizziness that could increase fall risk.

Bone density testing and medication adherence:
⦁ Bone Density Screening – regular bone density tests (such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - DEXA scans) help assess osteoporosis risk and monitor bone health.
⦁ Women above 65 years and men over 70 years should discuss screening with their healthcare provider, especially if they present with risk factors for osteoporosis.
⦁ Medication Compliance – if prescribed osteoporosis medications, take them as directed by your physician to help enhance bone density.
⦁ Talk to your healthcare provider about improving bone strength and any concerns, and understand the benefits and side effects of your medication.

Why treatment adherence is essential:
⦁ Adhering to prescribed osteoporosis treatments helps slow bone loss, enhance bone density, and reduce fracture risk.
⦁ Medications and lifestyle changes can prevent complications and improve the quality of life.
⦁ A healthy lifestyle, consistent therapy, and follow-up with healthcare providers can ensure effective management and monitoring of bone health.

Dr Ajay Singh Thakur (1)

Key takeaways:
⦁ Prioritize a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D to support bone health.
⦁ Engage in regular weight-bearing, muscle-strengthening, and balance exercises to build bone strength and prevent falls.
⦁ Quit smoking and limit alcohol, as they contribute to bone loss and increase fracture risk.
⦁ Fall-proof your home, maintain good vision and balance, and prevent falls to avoid fractures.
⦁ Follow up on bone density tests and adhere to any prescribed medications to manage osteoporosis effect

Issued in Public Interest by Dr.Reddy's Laboratories LTD