In January 2015, after it published controversial caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad. Ten years later, the tragic events in global conversations about limits to the freedom of expression.

The attacks for the victims, summed up by the slogan “Je suis Charlie” – “I am Charlie.” This slogan became a symbol of solidarity and declared support for freedom of expression and France’s tradition of using satire in art and media.

Since then, Charlie Hebdo . Yet, for others – especially French Muslims – the magazine under the guise of satire.

As , I argue that communities’ reactions to satire are deeply influenced by factors such as religious marginalisation, political exclusion and cultural tensions.

The attack was a horrific act of violence that cannot be justified. However, the discussions that followed often overlooked the ways in which the magazine’s caricatures perpetuated racist stereotypes – particularly against Muslims, who .

The underlying question of satire’s ethical limits lies in its relationship to power. At its best, satire critiques authority,...