Islam, as seen through multiple perspectives, is ultimately a progressive faith that values justice, equality, and social transformation. Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) teachings, based on the Quran and Hadith, have traditionally served as guiding principles for societies and individuals. From campaigning for women's rights to encouraging economic justice and scientific inquiry, Islam's progressive tendency is obvious. This article examines major parts of the Prophet's words and acts, using historical evidence and Quranic scriptures to emphasise Islam's progressive goal.
1. Social Justice & EqualityOne of Islam's major principles is the pursuit of social justice and equality. At a time when pre-Islamic Arabian society was dominated by tribalism and social hierarchy, the Quran and the Prophet's teachings brought about profound transformations that emphasised the dignity of all people.
Quranic verse: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female, and made you peoples and tribes so that you may know one another." Indeed, the most noble among you in the eyes of Allah is the most virtuous." (Quran, 49:13)
The Prophet's final sermon, delivered during his farewell pilgrimage, reiterated the principle of equality. He declared that an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have supremacy over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have superiority over a white, save through piety and good deed. This declaration was revolutionary, challenging the deeply ingrained racial and tribal divisions of the time.
2. Woman's Rights and Gender EqualityPrior to Islam, women in Arabia had few to no rights and were frequently treated as property. Islam offered them legal and social status, including inheritance rights, marriage consent, and protection from harm.
The Quranic Scriptures: "And for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much—an obligatory share." Quran 4:7
Historical evidence demonstrates that Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) deeds were consistent with these ideals. He aggressively advocated women's education, saying, "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim (male and female)." He particularly emphasised kindness to women, proclaiming, "The best among you is the one who is best to his wife."
3. Economic Justice and Fair Trade.The Islamic economic philosophy is based on fairness, outlawing exploitative activities like usury (riba) and promoting ethical commercial practices. The Quran commands Muslims to participate in fair trade and to help the less fortunate through zakat (charity).
The Quranic Record: "And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it [in bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you [to] consume a portion of the wealth of the people in sin, while you know [it is unlawful]." Quran 2:188
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was a well-known merchant with honesty. His business principles set the standard for fair commerce, ensuring that money was dispersed fairly and economic inequities were minimised.
4. Educational and intellectual pursuits.Islam places a high value on knowledge and intellectual advancement. The first revealed word in the Quran was "Read" (Iqra), emphasising the importance of learning.
Quranic evidence states, "Read in the name of your Lord who created." Made man from a clinging material. Read, and your Lord is the most Generous—Who taught through the pen—Taught man what he did not know." (Quran 96:1–5)
The Prophet promoted critical thinking and the quest of information, regardless of its source. According to reports, he said, "Seek knowledge even as far as China." This order resulted in a surge of scientific, medicinal, and philosophical breakthroughs throughout the Islamic Golden Age.
5. Religious freedom and coexistenceThe Prophet emphasised religious tolerance and peace, establishing a pattern for interfaith interactions. Under his direction, the Constitution of Medina was draughted to ensure that Jews, Christians, and other communities may coexist peacefully under Islamic administration while maintaining full religious freedom.
According to Quranic evidence, there is no compulsion to accept religion. "The right path has become clear from the wrong." Qur'an 2:256
This principle was reinforced by Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) polite interactions with non-Muslims, such as Najran Christians and Jewish tribes. His letters to authorities, including the Byzantine emperor and the Negus of Abyssinia, extended invitations to Islam while remaining respectful and emphasising peace over coercion.
6. Environmental StewardshipLong before modern environmental movements, Islam emphasised the need of protecting the Earth. The Prophet told us: "The Earth is green and beautiful, and Allah has appointed you as stewards over it." He also encouraged people to plant trees and conserve resources.
The Quran states, "And do not cause corruption upon the earth after its reformation." (Quran, 7:56)
Islam's environmental ethics encourage sustainability by ensuring that resources are used wisely and maintained for future generations.
Islam, as expressed through the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), is fundamentally progressive. Its focus on equality, women's rights, economic fairness, education, religious tolerance, and environmental stewardship reveals its progressive nature. The Quran and the Prophet's words lay the groundwork for ongoing societal development, demonstrating that Islam is not a rigid doctrine but a dynamic force for constructive change. The historical application of these principles demonstrates how Islamic teachings have benefited civilisations, making it a progressive faith that is still relevant in the present world.
